This open area in which you now stand is the result of intensive land use by loggers including gravel storage, heavy machinery operation, and as a road for their vehicles. Once the site had been heavily degraded, it was invaded and predominated by exotic shrubs and grasses including Scotch Broom (Cytosis scoparius), Himalayan Blackberry (Rubus discolor) and sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). In the summer of 2000, we cleared the exotic shrubs in this area by hand. In January of 2002, four dump truck loads of woody debris were imported and an excavator was employed to de-compact the soil and plant and arrange the stumps and standing dead trees (snags) you see before you. When the machine work was finished we planted native herb, shrub, and tree species around the site to speed up recovery. Controlling Scotch Broom will continue to be a restoration management issue here until a shading canopy forms or an aggressive cover of competitive native species is established.